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uncommon pregnancy symptoms guide

Uncommon Pregnancy Symptoms Interrelated Article

Uncommon Pregnancy Symptoms Interrelated Article
I am sure your quest for uncommon pregnancy symptoms has come to an end as you read this article. Yes, gone are those days when we have to search endlessly for uncommon pregnancy symptoms information or other such information like after conception, all about child birth, 33 weeks pregnant, false positive child birth test, child birth test how soon or even child birth cravings. Even without articles such as this, with the Internet all you have to do is log on and use any of the search engines to find the uncommon pregnancy symptoms information you need. The Truth About uncommon pregnancy symptoms Being pregnant is one of those points in your life when you need to follow your practitioner's advice, take extra special care of yourself, keep healthy and put you and your baby first. Check out these parturiency tips to help you enjoy this special period of your life. Good prenatal care is important for the health of your unborn child. Make an appointment as soon as you know you are pregnant and don't skip any of your prenatal appointments. If there are to be any problems with your parturiency the sooner they are detected the better! One of the best parturiency tips I can give you is - stopping smoking, preferably before you get pregnant but certainly once you are pregnant. Smoking is bad for the baby's health, even secondary smoke so avoid smoky environments and ask people not to smoke around you. Any level of alcohol is unsafe for the child's health during parturiency. As a result, in order to get healthy parturiency you stopped drinking throughout your parturiency and also tried to avoid while nursing periods. Always check with your health care practitioner to make sure you get the amount of exercise which is right for you (in some circumstances exercise is not advisable) but as a general rule exercise is beneficial. It has been shown that exercising while you are pregnant can help reduce the time you spend in labor, aid your recovery following the birth, reduce the need for cesarean, help you return to your pre-parturiency weight quicker and improve your overall health. Another top parturiency tip is to change your eating habits as soon as you find out you are pregnant. Eat foods that are high in fiber, eat plenty of vegetables and include foods rich in iron, calcium, protein and foliate in your diet. RECESS -- As is obvious from the half of this article, even if your direct quest is uncommon pregnancy symptoms, reading to the end will prove helpful, as this article has also helped those looking for information about belly child birth, child birth tees, 18 weeks pregnant, child birth ovulation calculator, child birth kalendar or even negative child birth test but no period. Limit your caffeine intake (tea, coffee, chocolate and soft drinks. Drink plenty of water, six - eight glasses a day. Attending prenatal classes will greatly help you during this period. Don't forget to baby proof your home. Investing in a life insurance

'Pregnant man' gives birth to girl: reports (AFP)
AFP - A US man who was born a woman before undergoing gender realignment surgery has given birth to a baby girl, US media reported.
Haywire brain chemical linked to sudden baby death (AP)
AP - Scientists have new evidence that the brain chemical best known for regulating mood also plays a role in the mystifying killer of seemingly healthy babies — sudden infant death syndrome.
'Pregnant man' gives birth to girl: reports (AFP)
AFP - A US man who was born a woman before undergoing gender realignment surgery has given birth to a baby girl, US media reported Thursday.
New Method Better Predictor of In Vitro Fertilization Success (HealthDay)
HealthDay - TUESDAY, July 1 (HealthDay News) -- A method that's 70 percent accurate in determining whether a woman undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF) will get pregnant has been developed by Stanford University School of Medicine researchers.
Newborns in Intensive Care Often Exposed to Pain (HealthDay)
HealthDay - TUESDAY, July 1 (HealthDay News) -- Although tiny babies receiving intensive care must undergo numerous painful interventions, not enough is being done to reduce their discomfort, new research suggests.
New method may help predict IVF success: study (Reuters)
Reuters - Just four factors can predict with 70 percent accuracy whether a woman will become pregnant through "test-tube" baby technology known as in vitro fertilization, U.S. researchers said on Tuesday.
Probiotics may ease tummy trouble in preemies (Reuters)
Reuters - In preterm newborns who are exclusively bottle-fed, treatment with the probiotic organism Lactobacillus reuteri, given daily for 30 days, improves gut function, a study shows.
Health Tip: Keep Calm During Pregnancy (HealthDay)
HealthDay - (HealthDay News) -- Hormones, anxiety, emotions and all the changes that come along with pregnancy and expectant parenthood can make any mother-to-be experience mood swings.
Mom's Unhealthy Diet May Have Long-Term Impact on Baby (HealthDay)
HealthDay - MONDAY, June 30 (HealthDay News) -- Eating an unhealthy diet during pregnancy may raise your child's lifetime risk of obesity and elevated cholesterol and blood sugar levels, British researchers report.
Romanian girl travels to Britain for abortion (AFP)
AFP - An 11-year-old Romanian girl who became pregnant after allegedly being raped by her uncle has travelled to Britain for an abortion despite being given last-minute permission to undergo the procedure in her native country, officials said Monday.


policy is a wise thing if you don't have right now. Get your bags packed well in advance, you might have a due date but that doesn't mean that your baby intends to stick to it! As detailed as this article is, don't forget that you can find more information about uncommon pregnancy symptoms or any such information from any of the search engines out there such as MSN.com. Commit yourself to finding specific information therein about uncommon pregnancy symptoms and you will. It was intriguing to find that many people, oblivious of their background, found this article related to uncommon pregnancy symptoms and other how soon can you take a child birth test, child birth blood tests, and even child birth and calendar helpful. FOOTER COMMENTS -- I hope the above article helped you in your search for information about uncommon pregnancy symptoms. If it didn't, I would advise you to re-read the article thoroughly and you will get clearer about uncommon pregnancy symptoms, vaginal bleeding during child birth, early stage of child birth, help child birth, doctor child birth test, clear blue easy child birth test and 10 weeks pregnant. Deepak Kulkarni has lots of insightful and significant articles that provide very insightful information not just about uncommon pregnancy symptoms, but also others related to various baby photo, fetal doppler, child birth tests when, urine test for child birth, beta child birth test and child birth glucose test information. WEBSITE INFORMATION -- ABOUT THIS SITE -- This website has lots and lots of helpful and interesting articles on many areas of interest mainly related to uncommon pregnancy symptoms and other somewhat related child birth tests when, pictures of child birth, stage child birth, baby centre, beta child birth test and which child birth test information.


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uncommon pregnancy symptoms news:

Peanuts in pregnancy: what is a mother to do?

Peanuts in pregnancy: what is a mother to do?

Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Jul 15;178(2):113-4

Authors: Shaheen SO, Cullinan P

PMID: 18594119 [PubMed - in process]

(Source: Am J Respir Crit Car...)]]>
In vitro fertilization: new method predicts which women will get pregnant
Researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine have identified a method that can predict with 70 percent accuracy whether a woman undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment will become pregnant. The researchers found that four factors - total number of embryos, number of eight-cell embryos, percentage of embryos that stopped dividing and would die, and the woman's follicle-stimulating hormone level, a measurement that estimates ovarian function - were most important in determining a woman's chance of becoming pregnant. The four together were 70 percent accurate in predicting whether the current IVF cycle would result in a pregnancy. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)
Estrogen level monitoring in artificial frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles using step-up regime without pituitary suppression: is it necessary?
Background: To discuss the meaning of serum oestradiol monitoring in frozen embryo transfer cycle using hormone replacement without pretreatment with gonadotropin hormone (GnRH) agonist.MethodThe data from two hundred twelve women undergoing two hundred seventy-four frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles was included in this retrospective cohort study. They ware detected of serum oestradiol levels and endometrium thicknesses during hormone supplement FET cycles and compared their pregnancy outcomes according to their oestradiol level on progesterone initiation day. Results: Patients with different levels of serum oestradiol (percentile 0-25th, 25th-75th and 75th-100th) on progesterone initiation day yielded the endometrium thickness of 9.3+/-0.12, 8.9+/-0.07 and 9.1+/-0.11 mm( P>0.05) and the pregnancy rate of 32.2%, 38.4% and 36.3% (P>0.05) respectively. Conclusions: The serum estradiol level did not predict pregnancy success in hormone replacement FET cycles, suggesting that oestradiol monitoring in this method of endometrial preparation is unnecessary. (Source: BioMed Central)
Fourth edition of the british national formulary for children
The fourth edition of the British National Formulary for Children (BNFC) arms health professionals with the information they need to tackle recent controversial health concerns in young people, including rising rates of teenage pregnancy and the increasing incidence of sexually transmitted infections. (Source: News-Medical News Feed)
Drugs of abuse and sexual functioning.
Related Articles

Drugs of abuse and sexual functioning.

Adv Psychosom Med. 2008;29:131-49

Authors: Palha AP, Esteves M

The use of mind-altering substances can be found in very different cultures and traced back thousands of years; the same is true for the searching of drugs that could increase sexual functioning. In this text, we explore the relation between drugs of abuse and sexuality in three domains: drugs and sexual dysfunctions, drugs and risky sexual behavior and drugs used as sexual aids. Although some drugs can increase sexual response in the early stages of the addiction career, particularly in those with a previous sexual dysfunction, the chronic use of substances tends to deteriorate all stages of sexual response in both male and female abusers. There is sufficient evidence for considering that drug use before or during sexual intercourse can, in certain circumstances, elevate the risk of unwanted pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases. Specific prevention strategies should be addressed to this population. Some psychotropic drugs are sometimes used as sexual aids. This can have some risks and should alert the therapist to a possible underlying and undiagnosed sexual problem.

PMID: 18391561 [PubMed - in process]

(Source: Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine)]]>
The impact of physical illness on sexual dysfunction.
Related Articles

The impact of physical illness on sexual dysfunction.

Adv Psychosom Med. 2008;29:70-88

Authors: Clayton A, Ramamurthy S

Sexuality is the ultimate union of mind and body. Sexual dysfunction is often the first manifestation of physical illness but is often not inquired about on routine review of symptoms. This is, in large part, due to the health care providers' lack of knowledge in diagnosis and treatment of sexual impairment as well as their discomfort with this sensitive topic. However, sexual well-being is an important determinant of quality of life and many medically ill patients find sexual intimacy to be an essential mode of communication with their partners. This chapter attempts to methodically delineate physical illnesses causing sexual dysfunction by organ system. Neurologic, endocrinologic, cardiovascular and pelvic illnesses are discussed as to their impact on sexual health. Diagnostic and established treatment strategies are also reviewed. Breast cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis are touched upon. Although not a disease, pregnancy and its unique impact on sexuality is also discussed. Not only the disease itself but the treatment prescribed may also cause sexual impairment. Thus, a separate section on medications that impair sexual functioning is presented. A table of common medications as a quick reference to their effects on each stage of the sexual cycle is also provided.

PMID: 18391558 [PubMed - in process]

(Source: Advances in Psychosomatic Medicine)]]>
Abc family launches 'cautionary' television series that addresses teen pregnancy
ABC Family on Tuesday premiered a "cautionary" television series that plans to address issues including teenage pregnancy, and abstinence, the New York Times reports. The series was made in collaboration with the National Campaign To Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy (Stanley, New York Times, 7/1). (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)
Development of an educational/support group for pregnant women in prison.
Related Articles

Development of an educational/support group for pregnant women in prison.

J Forensic Nurs. 2008;4(2):55-60

Authors: Ferszt GG, Erickson-Owens DA

It is estimated that 6-10% of women are pregnant when they enter the prison system. The majority have had little, if any, prenatal care and/or childbirth education. Given economic constraints, the educational and support needs of this population are often not met. In response to these needs, an educational/support group was developed and led by a social worker, a mental health clinical nurse specialist, and a nurse midwife in a women's correctional facility in the Northeast. Women in various stages of pregnancy and early postpartum voluntarily attended. The need for education and psychosocial support was overwhelming. This group fostered a safe space for women to discuss real-life issues in a supportive environment. Meeting the educational and support needs of incarcerated women is paramount.

PMID: 18522603 [PubMed - in process]

(Source: Journal of Forensic Nursing)]]>
Pregnancy, childbirth, and mothering: a forensic nursing response.
Related Articles

Pregnancy, childbirth, and mothering: A forensic nursing response.

J Forensic Nurs. 2008;4(2):53-4

Authors: Peternelj-Taylor C

PMID: 18522602 [PubMed - in process]

(Source: Journal of Forensic Nursing)]]>
Nigeria: religious leaders tasked on maternal mortality
Worried by the rate of deaths of women at child birth, the federal government yesterday appealed to religious leaders to assist in the dissemination of information and education on the importance of healthy reproductive practices. (Source: AllAfrica News: Pregnancy and Childbirth)
Nigeria: doctor arraigned for running baby factory
A medical doctor, Kenneth Akunne, who was arrested about three weeks ago for allegedly operating an illegal maternity home where 20 pregnant under-aged girls breed babies for sale, has been arraigned in the Federal High Court, Enugu. (Source: AllAfrica News: Pregnancy and Childbirth)
Uganda: quadruplets born in mityana
A WOMAN has given birth to four children in Mityana Hospital. Jane Nakazzi, 27, a resident of Kitinkokola village in Mityana town, delivered the quadruplets on Sunday evening. (Source: AllAfrica News: Pregnancy and Childbirth)
Junk food mothers could condemn unborn children to a life of ill health
Unborn children could be condemned to a lifetime of ill health by their mothers gorging on junk food during pregnancy. (Source: the Mail online | Diet)
Junk food mothers could condemn unborn children to a life of ill health
Unborn children could be condemned to a lifetime of ill health by their mothers gorging on junk food during pregnancy. (Source: the Mail online | Health)
Junk food mothers could condemn unborn children to a life of ill health
Unborn children could be condemned to a lifetime of ill health by their mothers gorging on junk food during pregnancy. (Source: the Mail online | Health notes)
Analytical approaches to detect maternal/fetal genotype incompatibilities that increase risk of pre-eclampsia
Background: In utero interactions between incompatible maternal and fetal genotypes are a potential mechanism for the onset or progression of pregnancy related diseases such as pre-eclampsia (PE). However, the optimal analytical approach and study design for evaluating incompatible maternal/offspring genotype combinations is unclear. Results: Using simulation, we estimated the type I error and power of incompatible maternal/offspring genotype models for two analytical approaches: logistic regression used with case-control mother/offspring pairs and the log-linear regression used with case-parent triads. We evaluated a real dataset consisting of maternal/offspring pairs with and without PE for incompatibility effects using the optimal analysis based on the results of the simulation study. We identified a single coding scheme for the incompatibility effect that was equally or more powerful than all of the alternative analysis models evaluated, regardless of the true underlying model for the incompatibility effect. In addition, the log-linear regression was more powerful than the logistic regression when the heritability was low, and more robust to adjustment for maternal or fetal effects. For the PE data, this analysis revealed three genes, lymphotoxin alpha (LTA), von Willebrand factor (VWF), and alpha 2 chain of type IV collagen (COL4A2) with possible incompatibility effects. Conclusions: The incompatibility model should be evaluated for complications of pregnancy, such as PE, where the genotypes of two individuals may contribute to the presence of disease. (Source: BioMed Central)
Folic acid does not increase risk of mutant folate gene in offspring
Folic acid supplementation during pregnancy does not increase the frequency of offspring with deleterious mutations in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR), which metabolizes folate. Reuters Health Information (Source: Medscape Pathology Headlines)
Eating junk food while pregnant may harm baby's health
Women who have a poor diet consisting of crisps, cheese, muffins and other processed foods during pregnancy and breastfeeding may be harming the long-term health of their babies, study results suggest. (Source: MedWire News - Consumer Health)
Four combined factors predict success of in vitro fertilization
Four factors (total number of embryos, number of 8-cell embryos, percentage of embryos that stopped dividing, and maternal FSH), when combined, were 70% accurate in predicting pregnancy after IVF. Medscape Medical News (Source: Medscape Medical News Headlines)
Bilateral round ligament varicosities mimicking inguinal hernia during pregnancy
Abstract  Round ligament varicosities during pregnancy have not been reported extensively. The swelling mimics an inguinal hernia and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a groin swelling during pregnancy. We report a case of a pregnant woman with bilateral round ligament varicosities. At 22 weeks of pregnancy she was operated on based on the clinical suspicion of a painful inguinal hernia on the right side. Surgical exploration revealed varicosities of the round ligament, and resection was performed. Four weeks later the same diagnosis was made by duplex sonography of a painful swelling in the left groin. Increased pain necessitated surgical exploration and resection of the varicosities on the left side. The postoperative course on both sides was uneventful and without pain during the rest of her pregnancy, during labor or post partum. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Case ReportDOI 10.1007/s10029-008-0395-8Authors F. F. A. Ijpma, Isala Clinics Department of Surgery P.O. Box 10400 8000 GK Zwolle The NetherlandsK. M. Boddeus, Isala Clinics Department of Surgery P.O. Box 10400 8000 GK Zwolle The NetherlandsH. H. de Haan, Isala Clinics Department of Gynaecology P.O. Box 10400 8000 GK Zwolle The NetherlandsD. van Geldere, Isala Clinics Department of Surgery P.O. Box 10400 8000 GK Zwolle The Netherlands Journal HerniaOnline ISSN 1248-9204Print ISSN 1265-4906 (Source: Hernia)
Chloroquine pharmacokinetics in pregnant and nonpregnant women with vivax malaria
Abstract Purpose  We compared the pharmacokinetics of chloroquine in pregnant and nonpregnant women treated for Plasmodium vivax malaria. Methods  Twelve pregnant women and 15 nonpregnant women of child-bearing age with acute P. vivax malaria were treated with 25 mg chloroquine base/kg over 3 days on the northwestern border of Thailand. Blood concentrations of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine were measured using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection. Twenty-five women completed the pharmacokinetic study. Results  Although increasing gestational age was associated with reduced chloroquine \textAUC0 ® ¥ , there was no significant difference overall in the pharmacokinetics of chloroquine between pregnant and nonpregnant women. Fever was associated with lower chloroquine \textAUC0 ® ¥ values. Desethylchloroquine area under the curve (AUC) values were not significantly affected by pregnancy. Conclusions  Pregnancy did not significantly affect blood concentrations of chloroquine or its metabolite, desethylchloroquine, in women with P. vivax malaria. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Pharmacokinetics and DispositionDOI 10.1007/s00228-008-0500-zAuthors Sue Jean Lee, Mahidol University Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU) Bangkok ThailandRose McGready, Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU) P. O. Box 46 Mae Sot Tak Province 63110 ThailandChristine Fernandez, Hopital Pitié Salpetrière Paris FranceKasia Stepniewska, Mahidol University Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU) Bangkok ThailandMoo Koo Paw, Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU) P. O. Box 46 Mae Sot Tak Province 63110 ThailandSamuel Jacher Viladpai-nguen, Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU) P. O. Box 46 Mae Sot Tak Province 63110 ThailandKyaw Lay Thwai, Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU) P. O. Box 46 Mae Sot Tak Province 63110 ThailandLeopoldo Villegas, Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud Pública Centro de Investigación de Campo Ministerio de Salud VenezuelaPratap Singhasivanon, Mahidol University Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU) Bangkok ThailandBrian M. Greenwood, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London UKNicholas J. White, Mahidol University Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU) Bangkok ThailandFrançois Nosten, Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU) P. O. Box 46 Mae Sot Tak Province 63110 Thailand Journal European Journal of Clinical PharmacologyOnline ISSN 1432-1041Print ISSN 0031-6970 (Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology)
Tackling teenage pregnancy is top priority for north east england
The results of a comprehensive shake up of council targets and priorities are published today. Helping troubled teenagers will be the prime focus for local areas in the North East over the next three years - from tackling teenage pregnancy to reducing the numbers of young people who are outside education or jobs. (Source: Pregnancy News From Medical News Today)
Postvasectomy sa: risk factors for noncompliance
ORLANDO, FL (UroToday.com) - Vasectomy is a popular method of permanent contraception. However, failure may result in unwanted pregnancy and litigations. Effectiveness of vasectomy needs to be proven with semen analysis. Yet, failure to comply with submission of post vasectomy semen analysis. The goal of this study was to investigate patients demographic characteristics as possible objective preoperative risk factors associated with higher noncompliance rate. (Source: Urology / Nephrology News From Medical News Today)
Diet: women warned that junk food in pregnancy may hit child's health (guardian, 1 july 2008)
New research from the Royal Veterinary College, London shows that following a diet of junk food during pregnancy may lead to increased risks of long-term health complications for the offspring, such as diabetes and heart disease. Full article (Source: Society for Endocrinology)
Rcog release: royal colleges release report on working time directive (wtd) 2009 compliance
Some medical specialties have expressed concern over the effects of the decrease in junior doctors' working hours as a result of the Working Time Directive (WTD). The WTD will restrict junior doctors' work hours to 48 hours each week from 2009. (Source: Pregnancy News From Medical News Today)
Rcog releases standards in maternity and gynaecology, uk
The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) releases two important documents focusing on women's healthcare. The documents are: - Standards for Maternity Care. A report from a working party, jointly produced by the RCOG, and Royal College of Anaesthetists, Royal College of Midwives, and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. (Source: Pregnancy News From Medical News Today)
Painful procedures often performed without pain medication on newborns in icus
Newborns in intensive care undergo many procedures that are associated with pain and stress, and many of these procedures are performed without medication or therapy to relieve the pain, according to a study released on July 7, 2008 in JAMA. According to the authors of this study, this could instigate developmental issues. (Source: Pregnancy News From Medical News Today)
Choose nature instead of prozac for pms and pmdd
(NaturalNews) Thanks to a recent question in the Ask Tony Isaacs Curezone forum, I discovered that it appears to be common to prescribe the dangerous drug Prozac for PMS -- at least in the United States, that is. Not only that, but it is evidently often prescribed not by the Psychiatrists who successfully lobbied the FDA for approval over the objections of the WHO (World Health Organization), but by ordinary ob/gyn doctors who are making diagnosis of a specially created condition the psychiatrists came up with to justify prescribing it: Pre Menstrual Distress Disorder, or PMDD.The initial question asked in the forum was :"Went to the ob/gyn yesterday. I am well into premenopause and he diagnosed me with PMDD. No doubt my PMS is getting worse as I get older. He wants me to start on Prozac for several days a month before I get my period to help with my symptoms. I don't want to go on Prozac or hormone therapy. What can I use naturally to help my symptoms? I think I need to revamp my diet as well. How can I ease into a diet change slowly so as not to overwhelm myself all at once? Also, any supplements I should add? I know there are lots of questions, but I NEED HELP! Thanks."My initial reaction was one of shock and outrage. Prozac for PMS? What the heck was an ob/gyn doing prescribing that scary drug? And what was PMDD anyway? A quick check of Wikipedia made it all too clear:"Originally called late luteal phase dysphoric disorder (LLPDD), the disorder was renamed PMDD by the American Psychiatric Association in its May 1993 revision of the DSM-IV. PMDD was moved from a position in the appendix of the manual to a "disorder requiring further study."[2][3] Some groups of psychiatrists and women's groups object to the labeling of a severe form of PMS as a psychiatric disorder.PMDD is accepted as illness by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) but has not been listed as a separate disorder in the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases. In 2003, the manufacturer of Prozac (fluoxetine) was required by the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products to remove PMDD from the list of indications for fluoxetine sold in Europe.[4] The committee found that...PMDD is not a well-established disease entity across Europe... There was considerable concern that women with less severe pre-menstrual symptoms might erroneously receive a diagnosis of PMDD resulting in widespread inappropriate short and long-term use of fluoxetine.[5]PMDD is not listed on the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. [6]Some commentators suggest that PMDD (along with social anxiety disorder, restless leg syndrome, and female sexual dysfunction) has been marketed by pharmaceutical companies in order to increase the demand for treatments.(PMID 16597181)."There it was -- PMDD is an essentially manufactured condition not recognized by the WHO yet approved by the FDA so that our doctors can write even more prescriptions for a dangerous and highly controversial drug known to cause suicide and uncontrolled violence. And those prescriptions are for a condition that Prozac is prohibited from being used for in Europe.Another fine example of the mainstream manage' a trois between big pharma, the FDA and our doctors.Not that the FDA would approve, but, as is often the case when dangerous mainstream drugs and treatments are thrust upon us, there are many natural and much safer alternatives to managing PMS, including diet, stress reduction such as EFT and supplementation. Here are some excerpted from my book "Collected Remedies':PMSMood swings, tender breasts, a swollen abdomen, food cravings, fatigue, irritability and depression. If you experience some or all of these problems in the days before your monthly period, you may have premenstrual syndrome (PMS).An estimated three of every four menstruating women experience some form of premenstrual syndrome. These problems are more likely to trouble women between their late 20s and early 40s, and they tend to recur in a predictable pattern. Yet the physical and emotional changes you experience with premenstrual syndrome may be more or less intense with each menstrual cycle.Still, you don't have to let these problems control your life. In recent years, much has been learned about premenstrual syndrome. Treatments and lifestyle adjustments can help you reduce or manage the signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.Signs and symptomsFor many women the signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome are an uncomfortable and unwelcome part of their monthly menstrual cycle. The most common physical and emotional signs and symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome include:* Weight gain from fluid retention* Abdominal bloating* Breast tenderness* Tension or anxiety* Depressed mood* Crying spells* Mood swings and irritability or anger* Appetite changes and food cravings* Trouble falling asleep (insomnia)* Joint or muscle pain* Headache* FatigueAlthough the list of potential signs and symptoms is long, most women with premenstrual syndrome experience only a few of these problems.For some women, the physical pain and emotional stress are severe enough to affect their daily routines and activities. For most of these women, symptoms disappear as the menstrual period begins.But for some women with premenstrual syndrome, symptoms are so severe they're considered disabling. This form of PMS has its own psychiatric designation -- premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). PMDD is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome with symptoms including severe depression, feelings of hopelessness, anger, anxiety, low self-esteem, difficulty concentrating, irritability and tension. A number of women with severe PMS may have an underlying psychiatric disorder.CausesExactly what causes premenstrual syndrome is unknown, but several factors may contribute to the condition. Cyclic changes in hormones seem to be an important cause, because signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome change with hormonal fluctuations and also disappear with pregnancy and menopause.Chemical changes in the brain also may be involved. One clue to the cause may be traced to fluctuations of serotonin, a brain chemical (neurotransmitter) that is thought to play a crucial role in mood states, especially depression. Insufficient amounts of serotonin may contribute to other symptoms of PMS, such as fatigue, food cravings and sleep problems.Occasionally, some women with severe premenstrual syndrome have undiagnosed depression, though depression alone does not cause all of the symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome. Stress also may aggravate some of the symptoms, but alone it isn't a cause.Some PMS symptoms have been linked to low levels of vitamins and minerals. Other possible contributors to PMS include eating a lot of salty foods, which may cause fluid retention, and drinking alcohol and caffeinated beverages, which may cause mood and energy level disturbancesAlcohol, sugar, spicy foods, hot drinks, and hot soups can trigger hot flashes.You can manage or sometimes reduce the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome by making changes in the way you eat, exercise and approach daily life. Try these approaches:* Modify your diet* Eat smaller, more frequent meals each day to reduce bloating and the sensation of fullness.* Limit salt and salty foods to reduce bloating and fluid retention.* Do not eat any type of sugar, and of course sweeteners. Modify your diet* Substitute garlic powder or onion powder for salt when cooking.* Choose foods high in complex carbohydrates, such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains.* Choose non-dairy foods rich in calcium and perhaps a daily calcium supplement.* Take a daily multivitamin supplement and a good source of plant derived trace minerals.* Avoid caffeine.* Avoid alcohol.* Incorporate exercise into your regular routine* Engage in brisk walking, cycling, swimming or other aerobic activity most days of the week. Regular daily exercise can help improve your overall health and alleviate symptoms such as fatigue and a depressed mood.* Reduce stress -- EFT is wonderful for reducing stress.* Get plenty of sleep.* Practice progressive muscle relaxation or deep-breathing exercises to help reduce headaches, anxiety or trouble sleeping (insomnia).* Record your symptoms for a few months* Keep a record to identify the triggers and timing of your symptoms. This will allow you to intervene with strategies that may help to lessen them.Here's what's known about the effectiveness of some of the more common natural products and remedies used to soothe the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome:* Calcium. Consuming 1,000 milligrams (mg) of dietary and supplemental calcium daily, such as chewable calcium carbonate (Tums, Rolaids, others), may reduce the physical and psychological symptoms of PMS. Regular, long-term use of calcium carbonate also reduces your risk of osteoporosis.* Magnesium. Taking 400 mg of supplemental magnesium daily may help to reduce fluid retention, breast tenderness and bloating in women with premenstrual syndrome.* Vitamin B-6. A daily dose of 50 to 100 mg of vitamin B-6 may help some women with troublesome PMS symptoms.* Vitamin E. This vitamin, taken in 400 international units daily, may ease PMS symptoms by reducing the production of prostaglandin, hormone-like substances that cause cramps and breast tenderness.* Herbal remedies. Many women report relief of PMS symptoms with the use of herbs such as black cohosh, ginger, raspberry leaf, dandelion, chasteberry, St. John's Wort and evening primrose oil.* Colloidal Gold. Colloidal gold is one of the least known yet most effective mood and mental enhancers.* Natural progesterone creams. These are derived from wild yams and soybeans. Some women report that these creams relieve symptoms. Combine one handful of chamomile and one handful of dried orange flowers in a cheesecloth or muslin bag and hang from the bathtub faucet. The warm water will release the fragrant oils and relieve PMS discomfort.Other topics that may be helpful:Cramping* Pumpkin Seeds. Eat pumpkin seeds about a week before your menstrual period (a handful - 1/4 of a cup a day) and your cramps should be non-existent. Also eat them as a snack during the period.* Hot water and ginger. Boil the water and stir in two to three tablespoons of ginger and drink it up. You should feel better in 30-45 minutes.* Dill pickle juice. Drink a half cup when you feel a cramp coming or as soon as it strikes. One heaping teaspoon of salt in water (1 to 2 to one glass) may also do the trick if you have no pickle juice handy.* Yogurt or calcium. Eat two cups of yogurt a day in the days or week leading up to your period and you should not be moody or have cramps when your monthly period comes. If you don't like yogurt, take a calcium supplement... Continue during the period. With either one, you should see a big difference in your time of the month.* Oregano and water. Take three tablespoons of oregano and mix with one liter of water, then bring to boiling and continue to boil for five minutes. Strain and drink as a tea. You should feel better soon and continue to feel well for an entire day.Menstrual Cramps* It should be no surprise that an herb named cramp bark (Viburnum opulus) would work wonders for menstrual pain. It contains at least six compounds that relax muscles, as well as salicin, the pain-relieving compound from which aspirin is derived. Take one teaspoon of the liquid extract every hour until your cramps subside. If they don't ease within 48 hours, stop taking cramp bark.* Supplements. Take 1,000 mg calcium and 500 mg magnesium daily. Calcium and magnesium work together to regulate muscle contractions and the conduction of nerve impulses.* Ginger tea (for cramps). Grate two to three teaspoons of fresh ginger root and simmer in two cups of water for several minutes. Add lemon and honey to taste. Drink as much as desired.* Acute cramps. Combine equal parts of ginger, valerian, and cramp bark tinctures, to be taken in half-teaspoon doses every twenty minutes until the symptoms subside.* Aromatherapy. A couple of days before menstruation begins, massage the following combination into the abdomen once or twice a day, as well as using them in the bath. Blend together equal parts of chamomile, an anti-inflammatory; clary sage, which relieves depression; lavender, a relaxing herb; and tarragon and marjoram, which are anti-spasmodic.* Hot ginger poultice. Make a strong ginger tea or add a half-teaspoon of ginger essential oil to a quart of hot water. Dip a towel in the water and wring it out, lay it over the abdomen, and place a hot water bottle over the ginger towel to retain the heat. Relax for fifteen minutes.Live long, live healthy, live happy!About the authorTony Isaacs, is a natural health advocate and researcher and the author of books and articles about natural health including "Cancer's Natural Enemy" and "Collected Remedies"as well as song lyrics and humorous anecdotal stories. Mr. Isaacs also has The Best Years in Life website for baby boomers and others wishing to avoid prescription drugs and mainstream managed illness and live longer, healthier and happier lives naturally. He is currently residing in the scenic Texas hill country near Utopia, Texas where he serves as a consultant to the Utopia Silver colloidal silver and supplement company and where he is working on a major book project due for publication later this year. Mr. Isaacs also hosts the CureZone "Ask Tony Isaacs" forum as well as the Yahoo Health Group "Oleander Soup" (Source: NaturalNews.com)
Accp publishes clinical guidelines on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy
The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) have published evidence based clinical practice guidelines on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy (8th Ed). The guidelines provide an extensive critical review of the literature related to the management of thromboembolic disorders under the following sub-headings: ? Parenteral Anticoagulants ? Pharmacology and Management of vitamin K antagonists ? Perioperative Management of Antithrombotic Therapy ? Treatment and Prevention of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia ? Prevention of venous thromboembolism ? Antithrombotic Therapy for Venous Thromboembolic Disease ? Antithrombotic Therapy in AF ? Valvular and Structural Heart Disease ? Antithrombotic Therapy and Thrombolytic Therapy for Ischemic Stroke ? Antithrombotic Therapy for Non?ST-Segment Acute Coronary Syndromes ? Acute St-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction ? The Primary and Secondary Prevention of Chronic Coronary Artery Disease ? Antithrombotic Therapy in Peripheral Artery Occlusive Disease ? Venous thromboembolism, Thrombophilia, Antithrombotic Therapy, and Pregnancy ? Antithrombotic Therapy in Neonates and Children (Source: NeLM news - Cardiology)
Epidemiology of chronic venous disease.
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Epidemiology of chronic venous disease.

Phlebology. 2008;23(3):103-11

Authors: Robertson L, Evans C, Fowkes FG

Chronic venous disease of the legs occurs commonly in the general population in the Western world. Estimates of the prevalence of varicose veins vary widely from 2-56% in men and from 1-60% in women. These variations reflect differences in variability of study populations including age, race and gender, methods of measurement and disease definition. Definitions of chronic venous disease may rely on reports of varicose veins by study participants, based on self-diagnosis or recall of a diagnosis, or on a standardized physical examination. Venous ulceration is less common, affecting approximately 0.3% of the adult population. Age and pregnancy have been established as risk factors for developing varicose veins. Evidence on other risk factors for venous disease is inconclusive. Prolonged standing has been proposed, but results of studies should be interpreted with caution given the difficulty in measuring levels of posture. Obesity has been suggested as a risk factor in women, but appears to be an aggravating factor rather than a primary cause. Other postulated risk factors include dietary intake and smoking, but evidence is lacking. Longitudinal studies using standardized methods of evaluation are required before the true incidence of chronic venous disease and associated risk factors can be determined.

PMID: 18467617 [PubMed - in process]

(Source: Phlebology)]]>
Fda proposes new rule to provide updated information on the use of prescription drugs and biological products during pregnancy and breast-feeding
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration proposed major revisions to the physician labeling for prescription drugs (including biological products) to provide better information about the effects of medicines used during pregnancy and breast-feeding. (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)
Harm-reduction for unwanted pregnancies and unwanted addictions: an instructive analogy.
Related Articles

Harm-reduction for unwanted pregnancies and unwanted addictions: an instructive analogy.

Adicciones. 2008;20(1):5-13

Authors: Brewer C

Addiction treatment aims to reduce the harm that addiction causes to individuals and society. However, many clinics, especially in the private sector, have ideological objections to using medico-pharmacological treatments and are often critical of other services that do offer pharmacological treatments. This situation contrasts sharply with the attitude of family planning (FP) clinics, even though they too aim to reduce harm. Ironically, the most anti-pharmacological clinics are often those which proclaim most loudly that addiction is a 'disease', while avoiding unwanted pregnancy, which is not usually seen as a disease, is widely and effectively achieved with medical techniques. FP clinics typically consider widely varying patterns of sexual behaviour, social contexts and patient attitudes in devising individual treatment plans, while addiction clinics commonly have a one-size-fits-all, take-it-or-leave- it approach. Addiction services could learn some useful clinical and ideological lessons from FP clinics.

PMID: 18299776 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

(Source: Adicciones)]]>
You are what your mother ate
Mothers who eat an unhealthy diet during pregnancy may be putting their children at risk of developing long-term, irreversible health issues (Source: Nursing in Practice)
Mother's diet may have long term impact on child's health
Mothers who eat an unhealthy diet during pregnancy may be putting their children at risk of developing long term, irreversible health issues including obesity, raised levels of cholesterol and blood sugar, according to research published today(1). The study, carried out in rats and funded by the Wellcome Trust, suggests that the effect is even more pronounced in female offspring. (Source: Nutrition/Agriculture News From Medical News Today)
Eating junk while pregnant can harm your baby
We all know that smoking and drinking when pregnant can harm the baby, but new research published in The Journal of Physiology suggests that poor diet may also cause long-lasting, irreversible damage in offspring from heart disease to diabetes. Stéphanie Bayol and Neil Stickland at the Royal Veterinary College, London fed female rats a "junk food" diet of crisps, cheese, muffins and other processed foods throughout pregnancy and lactation. (Source: Pregnancy News From Medical News Today)
Stillbirths, infant deaths lead to anxiety, guilt among obstetricians
Nearly one in 10 obstetricians in a new study has considered giving up obstetric practice because of the emotional toll of stillbirths and infant deaths. Three-quarters of the 804 obstetricians who responded to a survey by researchers at the University of Michigan Health System reported that the experience took a large emotional toll on them personally. (Source: Pregnancy News From Medical News Today)
Junk food mothers could condemn unborn children to a life of ill health
Unborn children could be condemned to a lifetime of ill health by their mothers gorging on junk food during pregnancy. Such mothers put their child at greater risk of obesity, heart disease and diabetes. (Source: the Mail online | Diet)
Health tip: keep calm during pregnancy
Title: Health Tip: Keep Calm During PregnancyCategory: Health NewsCreated: 7/1/2008 2:00:00 AMLast Editorial Review: 7/1/2008 (Source: MedicineNet Osteoporosis General)
Health tip: keep calm during pregnancy
Title: Health Tip: Keep Calm During PregnancyCategory: Health NewsCreated: 7/1/2008 2:00:00 AMLast Editorial Review: 7/1/2008 (Source: MedicineNet Feet and Fitness General)
Health tip: keep calm during pregnancy
Title: Health Tip: Keep Calm During PregnancyCategory: Health NewsCreated: 7/1/2008 2:00:00 AMLast Editorial Review: 7/1/2008 (Source: MedicineNet Sleep General)
Poor diet during pregnancy may have long term impact on child's health, study suggests
Mothers who eat an unhealthy diet during pregnancy may be putting their children at risk of developing long term, irreversible health issues including obesity, raised levels of cholesterol and blood sugar, according to new research. The study, carried out in rats, suggests that the effect is even more pronounced in female offspring. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)
The effect of depression on heart rate variability during pregnancy
Abstract  Depression during pregnancy has been associated with a number of adverse outcomes, but the underlying physiological mechanisms involved remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of maternal depression during pregnancy on the autonomic modulation of heart rate, in a naturalistic setting. Eighty-one pregnant women were studied between 25 and 31 weeks of gestation and were identified as either Depressed (n = 46), or healthy, Control (n = 35), based on depression scores and lifetime psychiatric history. Subjects wore a 24-h Holter recorder to measure time-domain and frequency-domain of heart rate variability (HRV). Pregnant women in the Depressed Group had significantly reduced time-domain measures: standard deviation of all 24-h NN intervals (SDNN) and the standard deviation of the averages of NN intervals in all 5-min segments of the entire recording (SDANN) (P = 0.013, 0.016, respectively), as well as higher heart rates while asleep (P = 0.028), compared to Controls, after controlling for age, smoking, and antidepressant (AD) medication. The low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio during the sleeping hours was associated with higher depression scores (R = 0.24; P = 0.041). HRV measures improved in women taking AD medication. The autonomic nervous system may be affected in women experiencing depression during pregnancy, indicating a possible decreased parasympathetic (vagal) influence. Women taking AD medication showed some improvement in HRV measures. These data suggest that psychophysiological changes occur in women experiencing depression during pregnancy. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory RESEARCH ARTICLEDOI 10.1007/s10286-008-0480-1Authors Alison K. Shea, CIHR Program: Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment Hamiltion ON CanadaMarkad V. Kamath, McMaster University Dept. of Medicine Hamilton ON CanadaAlison Fleming, CIHR Program: Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment Hamiltion ON CanadaDavid L. Streiner, University of Toronto Institute of Medical Sciences Toronto ON CanadaKeith Redmond, McMaster University Dept. of Medicine Hamilton ON CanadaMeir Steiner, CIHR Program: Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment Hamiltion ON Canada Journal Clinical Autonomic ResearchOnline ISSN 1619-1560Print ISSN 0959-9851 (Source: Clinical Autonomic Research)
Severe metabolic acidosis as a consequence of acute starvation in pregnancy
Abstract  Ketoacidosis is most often due to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Similar metabolic changes can occur with poor dietary intake of carbohydrates or prolonged fasting. Metabolic acidosis due to prolonged fasting is rarely described in the literature. We report a case of severe metabolic acidosis as a result of prolonged fasting in pregnancy. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Case ReportDOI 10.1007/s00404-008-0715-3Authors Nikolaos Burbos, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Norwich NR4 7UY UKAlice M. Shiner, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Norwich NR4 7UY UKEdward Morris, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Norwich NR4 7UY UK Journal Archives of Gynecology and ObstetricsOnline ISSN 1432-0711Print ISSN 0932-0067 (Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics)
Colon penetration by a copper intrauterine device: a case report with literature review
Abstract Aim  The present case report describes colon injury subsequent to uterine penetration which is associated with the use of an intrauterine device (IUD). Case  A 29-year-old multiparous woman, who presented with vague abdominal pain, had a TCu 380A inserted at her postpartum third month visit. The T-shaped segment of the IUD was found to be lodged within the lumen of a colon segment which was 60 cm far from the ileocecal valve. The vertical copper-bearing limb of the IUD extruded from the colon wall beyond the mesenteric edge and partially penetrated the fundal wall. After the affected colon segment was resected, an end-to-end anastomosis was made. Recovery period was uneventful. Discussion  The incidence of uterine penetration is affected by the IUD type, the timing of insertion related to pregnancy termination, the position of uterus, insertion technique, the experience of the operator and the follow-up period. The location of missing IUDs can be determined by ultrasonography, X-ray or computed tomography imaging. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Case ReportDOI 10.1007/s00404-008-0716-2Authors Anil Arslan, Dr. Zekai Tahir Burak Women Health Research and Education Hospital Department of Gynecology Ankara TurkeyMine Kanat-Pektas, Ertugrul Gazi Mah.Kutlugun Sok. No: 37/14 Iccebeci 06590 Ankara TurkeyHuseyin Yesilyurt, Dr. Zekai Tahir Burak Women Health Research and Education Hospital Department of Gynecology Ankara TurkeyUmit Bilge, Dr. Zekai Tahir Burak Women Health Research and Education Hospital Department of Gynecology Ankara Turkey Journal Archives of Gynecology and ObstetricsOnline ISSN 1432-0711Print ISSN 0932-0067 (Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics)
Junk food mothers could condemn unborn children to a life of ill health
Unborn children could be condemned to a lifetime of ill health by their mothers gorging on junk food during pregnancy. Such mothers put their child at greater risk of obesity, heart disease and diabetes. (Source: the Mail online | Health)
Junk food mothers could condemn unborn children to a life of ill health
Unborn children could be condemned to a lifetime of ill health by their mothers gorging on junk food during pregnancy. Such mothers put their child at greater risk of obesity, heart disease and diabetes. (Source: the Mail online | Health notes)
Young adults with very low birth weight: leaving the parental home and sexual relationships--helsinki study of very low birth weight adults
OBJECTIVE. Although most children and adults who are born very preterm live healthy lives, they have, on average, lower cognitive scores, more internalizing behaviors, and deficits in social skills. This could well affect their transition to adulthood. We studied the tempo of first leaving the parental home and starting cohabitation with an intimate partner and sexual experience of young adults with very low birth weight (<1500 g). METHODS. In conjunction with the Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults, 162 very low birth weight individuals and 188 individuals who were born at term (mean age: 22.3 years [range: 18.5–27.1]) and did not have any major disability filled out a questionnaire. For analysis of their ages at events which had not occurred in all subjects, we used survival analysis (Cox regression), adjusted for gender, current height, parents' ages at the birth, maternal smoking during pregnancy, parental educational attainment, number of siblings, and parental divorce/death. RESULTS. During their late teens and early adulthood, these very low birth weight adults were less likely to leave the parental home and to start cohabiting with an intimate partner. In gender-stratified analyses, these hazard ratios were similar between genders, but the latter was statistically significant for women only. These very low birth weight adults were also less likely to experience sexual intercourse. This relationship was statistically significant for women but not for men; however, very low birth weight women and men both reported a smaller lifetime number of sex partners than did control subjects. CONCLUSIONS. Healthy young adults with very low birth weight show a delay in leaving the parental home and starting sexual activity and partnerships. (Source: PEDIATRICS)
Patterns of cerebral injury and neurodevelopmental outcomes after symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia
BACKGROUND. Symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia may be associated with later neurodevelopmental impairment. Brain injury patterns identified on early MRI scans and their relationships to the nature of the hypoglycemic insult and neurodevelopmental outcomes are poorly defined. METHODS. We studied 35 term infants with early brain MRI scans after symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia (median glucose level: 1 mmol/L) without evidence of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Perinatal data were compared with equivalent data from 229 term, neurologically normal infants (control subjects), to identify risk factors for hypoglycemia. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed at a minimum of 18 months. RESULTS. White matter abnormalities occurred in 94% of infants with hypoglycemia, being severe in 43%, with a predominantly posterior pattern in 29% of cases. Cortical abnormalities occurred in 51% of infants; 30% had white matter hemorrhage, 40% basal ganglia/thalamic lesions, and 11% an abnormal posterior limb of the internal capsule. Three infants had middle cerebral artery territory infarctions. Twenty-three infants (65%) demonstrated impairments at 18 months, which were related to the severity of white matter injury and involvement of the posterior limb of the internal capsule. Fourteen infants demonstrated growth restriction, 1 had macrosomia, and 2 had mothers with diabetes mellitus. Pregnancy-induced hypertension, a family history of seizures, emergency cesarean section, and the need for resuscitation were more common among case subjects than control subjects. CONCLUSIONS. Patterns of injury associated with symptomatic neonatal hypoglycemia were more varied than described previously. White matter injury was not confined to the posterior regions; hemorrhage, middle cerebral artery infarction, and basal ganglia/thalamic abnormalities were seen, and cortical involvement was common. Early MRI findings were more instructive than the severity or duration of hypoglycemia for predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes. (Source: PEDIATRICS)
Mycophenolate mofetil during pregnancy: some words of caution
(Source: PEDIATRICS)
Lamotrigine in breast milk and nursing infants: determination of exposure
OBJECTIVE. Although lamotrigine use during pregnancy has substantially increased over the past decade secondary to accumulated reproductive safety data, systematic data on lamotrigine during breastfeeding remains sparse. We sought to characterize the determinants of lamotrigine concentrations in breast milk and nursing-infant plasma. PATIENTS AND METHODS. Women who enrolled in a prospective investigation of perinatal medication pharmacokinetics, were treated with lamotrigine, and chose to continue lamotrigine while breastfeeding were included in the analysis. Breast milk samples were collected via breast pump from foremilk to hindmilk from a single breast to determine the excretion gradient and serial samples over 24 hours to determine the time course of excretion. Paired maternal/infant plasma samples were also collected. Lamotrigine concentrations in all of the samples were determined by using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Statistical analyses of breast milk and infant plasma concentrations and their determinants were conducted. RESULTS. Thirty women and their nursing infants participated in the study, providing a total of 210 breast milk samples. The mean milk/plasma ratio was 41.3%. There was a nonsignificant trend for higher lamotrigine concentrations in breast milk 4 hours after the maternal dose. Infant plasma concentrations were 18.3% of maternal plasma concentrations. The theoretical infant lamotrigine dose was 0.51 mg/kg per day, and the relative infant lamotrigine dose was 9.2%. Mild thrombocytosis was present in 7 of 8 infants at the time of serum sampling. No other adverse events were observed or reported in the breastfed infants. CONCLUSIONS. Consistent with previous investigations of medications in breast milk, the lamotrigine milk/plasma ratio is highly variable. The rate of lamotrigine excretion into human breast milk is similar to that observed with other antiepileptic drugs. These data expand the extant literature on lamotrigine in breastfeeding and demonstrate relatively comparable nursing-infant exposure to lamotrigine compared with other antiepileptic drugs. (Source: PEDIATRICS)

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